The increasing prevalence of wildfire and the recognition of fire (both wildland and prescribed burns) and fire surrogates as management tools reflects a need to understand the effects of these management actions on non-target botanicals, e.g., invasive plants, plants of conservation concern. Although several review papers have been written on factors influencing the spread of invasive plants in terrestrial ecosystems (e.g., D'Antonio and Kark. 2002. Impacts and extent of biotic invasions in terrestrial ecosystems. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 202-204), no synthesis exists on the role fire and fire management actions have on the spread of invasions. In addition, no synthesis has been developed evaluating the response of plants of conservation concern to fire management.